Hydration Creatine Phosphate Energy Essay

Hydration Creatine Phosphate Energy Essay Hydration: Creatine Phosphate Energy Essay Unit 1 principles of anatomy and physiology in sport Energy systems There are three different types of energy systems within the body. Through the use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the body is able to maintain a constant supply of energy. APT is formed during a reaction between adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a molecule of phosphate. ATP consists of a molecule of adenine and three phosphate groups. When the ADP joins with the phosphate molecule energy is stored within the bonds, when the bonds are broken the energy is released. Energy can also be released when ATP is combined with water. The body can function both aerobically and anaerobically this allows different body systems to use the one which will be most beneficial to them. During prolonged activities there will be a high amount of oxygen required will be powered by aerobic systems. For activities which require no or very little amounts of oxygen will be powered by anaerobic systems. Energy is acquired through the oxidation of mainly carbohydrates and fats. When carbohydrates are broken down they change into glucose, this can then be stored by the body as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Fats are broken down to form fatty acids. There is three ways in which ATP can be produced these are creatine phosphate energy system, the lactic acid energy system and the aerobic energy system. The creatine phosphate energy system The creatine phosphate energy system is the first energy system; it is made up of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and creatine phosphate. It is readily available and produces ATP rapidly, although it only exists in limited concentrations, only lasting for 10 seconds. The creatine phosphate is stored within the muscles and is used when the need for energy is instant or the intensity is high. This is most likely in sports such as sprinting and power events. This type of energy system produces ATP without the use of oxygen as it is such a quick process; this is why it only allows it to be used for very short periods of time. The creatine phosphate produces one molecule of ATP and one of creatine. Lactic acid energy system This is the second energy system which is able to sustain the body for longer periods of time but still at a high intensity. In this process energy is produced by the breakdown of glucose and glycogen. Just as the creatine phosphate system this works anaerobically which means without the presence of oxygen, therefore this limits in to working for only 60-90 seconds. This type of energy system would be used for activities such as the 400m which still require high intensity but over a longer period of time. During this process glucose if obtained from foods such as fats and carbohydrates, if the glucose is not required at that time it will then be stored in the body as glycogen. When glucose is broken down it produced 2 molecules of ATP as well as 2 lactic acid and heat. When glycogen is broken down it produces 2 molecules of ATP, 2 lactic acid and heat. Lactic acid is the by-product which is produced; it builds up and then diffuses into the blood and tissue fluid. When lactic acid is not removed it causes the muscles to stop contracting and fatigue will set in. Aerobic energy system The aerobic energy system produces large amounts of energy but which can last for long periods of time at low intensity. It is the long term energy system which is used in everyday activities. In the presence of oxygen glycogen and fatty acids break down producing ATP. Glucose produces 38 ATP, carbon dioxide, water and heat. When fatty acids break down they produce 129ATP, carbon dioxide, water and heat. Carbon dioxide, water and heat are the by-products but unlike lactic acid to not affect the muscles ability to contract. Recovery periods Depending on the type and intensity of activity the recovery periods will differ in order to take into account the amount of damage to the body. The length of a recovery period depends

Social networks and the internet shrink our understanding of the Essay - 1

Social networks and the internet shrink our understanding of the world. Argue your position on this statement - Essay Example At the initial stages, the excitement and hype involved in the development of new technology prevent to outlook the negative consequences. It becomes hard to find any people who are not connected to any forms of social media. The prime purpose of the report is to argue on the statement the internet and the social networks can shrink the people’s understanding of the world. The emergence of social media is a perfect intermediate for individual to connect with each other via internet. The introduction of social media has completely altered the human relationship dynamics in to new perspective. The pivotal cause of drastic growth of this new technology is the ability of creating user-generated content. The downside of the causal connection in electronic surroundings can shrink the understanding of the world. Recent survey states that, more than 90% of the total world population is some way or another connected to social media and internet (Giuffre, 2013, p.18). This resembles the massive growth of social media has encouraged people to provide power in their hand and can act as a communication tool. Social media has become an inevitable part of human lives as it created a global reach for human beings to share information, knowledge and communicate. In today’s society, routines and daily patterns of internet and social media has become more popular due to the upsurge of number of internet users (Lyron, 2010, p.8). According to Georgetown University, â€Å"the rise of social media and internet means that everyone is critic and publisher†. According to Ethan Zuckerman, the enormous amount of information can be acquired from social media and internet but problem arises when people do not necessarily know about the information and knowledge that are required to know about the world (Johnson, 2010, p.78). It is true that, the wider expansion of social media has benefited people to gain knowledge and discover

Child Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Child Protection - Essay Example The green paper entitled Every Child Matters made many recommendations including an electronic tracking system for every child in the UK. The recommendations of the green paper were incorporated into legislation by the Children Act 2004. Whilst the new Act incorporated many of the recommendations of the green paper the wording was such that the authorities have more flexibility in the way in which they organise their children’s services and the mandatory requirement as suggested by the green paper that education and social services should be amalgamated was removed in the Act. Guidance was published by the Department of Health entitled Protecting Children: A Guide for Social Workers Undertaking a Comprehensive Assessment in 1988. This became known as the Orange Book and was designed to give guidance on risk assessment and dangerousness for the child in the environment they were living in . The deaths of Kimberley Carlisle in 1987 and Tyra Henry in 1988 led to further inquiries into child protection measures.

Peer Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Peer Assessment - Essay Example My experience as a peer assessor was an eye opener. For the first time, I felt like I was not the one being reviewed, but I was reviewing other students' work. This gave me a sense of pride and courage and it also enabled me to see the big picture. In marking my classmate's papers, I no longer saw myself as a victim of marking but rather a victory. The peer assessment gave me an insight of one of the functions of our tutors, which is to assess the students' academic performance.   Our peer assessment was based on our assessment tests for all the units that we sat in the semester. The move was aimed at getting us to interact with each other while improving our leadership skills (Cottrell 2010). For the first time, my classmates and I felt some sense of responsibility for our education. It dawned on us that our education depends on us and that we are all equally talented when given a chance to review our peer's work. The assessment came as an encouragement to the not-so-good students that they can be trusted to assess even the brightest students in our class. Every student was assigned a paper to mark, and the tutor would guide us through the marking of the papers. The instructors used this opportunity to go through the questions with us, in an attempt to revise the paper. The teacher would guide us through, reading the questions aloud, and one after the other. He would then ask a classmate to provide the correct answer, and we would have a brief discussion on each issue.

Psychology and Scientific Method Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Scientific Method Essay There are many arguments that debunk the idea that psychology could ever be a ‘pure science’. In any event, psychology has been touted by many a philosopher as a pseudo-science. This is primarily because science itself has a fixed method by which they conduct scientific experiments. We discuss precisely what it is that makes a theory scientific, how theories can be related to evidence and the principal issues involved in evaluating a theory. We also look at what it is that a science of psychology should study. What aspects of psychology can be defined as scientific and what aspects are thoroughly based on conjecture? Can we really call psychology a scientific medium? The observable is what science studies. Freud was initially concerned with studying the unseen, while observing behaviors (Hays, 1964: 27). He believed that the insanity that is presented to the outside world was due to a complex internal mental mechanism (Hays, 1964: 27). However, Freud also fell short of one thing, hard evidence that these mental processes existed. Scientific method determines that there are 4 or 5 steps the researcher has to take in order to make the experiment valid in the eyes of the scientific community. Physics lecturer Jose Wudka states that these steps include: 1. Observation; 2. Hypothesis; 3. Prediction; 4. Test the prediction with experiment (Wudka, 1998). The last step may be that the prediction needs to be retested and the hypothesis revisited. If we take Freud as an example, his experiments were based almost entirely on observation with no empirical data to either prove or disprove his hypotheses. Theory remains just a theory until is proved as fact. Theories are therefore related to evidence in a crucial way. Firstly, there has to be evidence of something that can be studied: for instance in criminal justice we have a bullet cap left behind at a crime. This bullet may be lying in a certain way and with the added presence of gunshot residue (cordite) can help investigators to formulate a hypothesis about what happened with the particular crime. With the case of Freud for instance, we can observe behaviors of children or even adults, but we cannot say where it comes from without getting inside the head. This makes the evidence inadmissible and the theory remains just that – a theory. Secondly, evidence that is presented, has to be tested. This means that the evidence must relate to the theory it is trying to legitimate. In this case, the evidence either proves the theory or it forces the experimenter to return to the theory and rework it. A theory can be evaluated by means of this same testing procedure, key issues being predominantly about validity, verifiability and reliability. Take for instance the normal experimental procedure for empirical research that includes the presentation of a valid sample group that is anonymous and whose records are either thus or confidential. An example of theory testing in psychology that does follow the scientific method is that of medical and electrical testing. One particular research example in psychology is that of Electro Shock Therapy. In this case the treatment studied is reversed in that the EST was used to treat asthmatics, successfully. This case studied asthmatics brought in for EST after intense supervision prior to hospitalization. The patients were monitored before, during and after the treatment to see whether there is a relationship between hysteria and asthma (Cohen and Holbrook, 1947: 213). In this case the patients themselves provide the data necessary for testing the hypothesis. The hypothesis was that there was a relationship between hysteria and asthma. The results showed not only a relationship, but I significant reaction to Electro Shock Treatment (Cohen and Holbrook, 1947: 214). In other research, EST is studied for its effect on schizophrenia rather than the usual bipolar disorder. This research revealed that EST may be useful in the treatment of this psychotic illness. This especially when combined with medication (ScienceDaily, 2005). These research projects were conducted under strict supervision and with documentation the entire process. On the other side of the coin, there are arguments that also dispel scientific method. William McComas of the Rossier School of Education cites 15 myths about scientific method that he considers to be principal issues. In the scope of this paper we cannot discuss all of McComas’ issues but a few will be discussed. The first of these is that hypotheses become theories and then become laws. This is not always the case since sometimes the evidence does not uphold the hypothesis. He also says that theory is not always absolute. Theory can only be absolute if there are no exceptions and in psychology particularly, there are almost always exceptions. Science and scientific method are also not always absolute proof, nor does it always answer all the questions (McComas, 1998: 2-9). In tune with the fact that the evidence does not always support the hypothesis, science does also not always represent reality but functions as a model around which scientific developments can be made (McComas, 1998: 9-18). Furthermore and specifically in psychology terms, these theories are flouted by the presence of some elements in a patient that do not fit the ‘textbook’ description of a certain ailment. For instance, it could be said that most cases of borderline personality disorder come from upper to middle class sectors and develop this type of disorder as a textbook concern, not all BPD patients are upper to middle class. This is merely an example of the type of issue that faces the social sciences where individuals cannot be controlled in the way that plant slides or blood tests can be. The science of psychology is about people and the nuances thereof. It is aware that humans are temperamental and also subject to the actions of other people. This means that psychology can be studied as an observation, by viewing the behaviors of people and documenting them. Psychology cannot be studied in the same way as other sciences can be, despite the fact that in empirical sciences there are also issues of compliance. If we consider that communicable diseases such as HIV/Aids can be physically examined, that blood cells and antibodies can be made visible and studied in their physical form, psychology is not the same. Inroads have been made to attempt to clarify tests done decades earlier, such as Pavlov’s conditioning studies, but unless a method becomes available to view thought processes, these theories remain unproved. The visible is the first step to studying science, but psychology hits a wall after that. We know certain aspects of psychology, such as schizophrenia is as much a neurological disorder as a psychiatric one, but there are other psychological issues we do not know. This means that psychology has to be studied in a multidisciplinary way, rather than as purely scientific. In qualitative research as in quantitative, issues of evaluation are the same. In some psychiatric cases, a patient may also have medical problems, such as diabetes, epilepsy or malnutrition and these can be physically seen. There are indeed ways in which psychology fails the test of scientific method, and therefore falls into the category of ‘pseudo science’. However, there are issues in pure sciences that also fall short of the elitist idea of science. Films such Stanley Kubrick’s â€Å"A Clockwork Orange† explore the idea of experimentation with the human brain, but to undergo such testing even with the consent of volunteers, would be considered inhumane. It seems to be ethical to test chemicals on animals or to test explosives in remote areas, but not ethical to perform potentially dangerous tests on human brains. This leaves psychological testing with the likes of psychometric testing and theories, yet again. As discussed, scientific method is reliant on having the evidence to back it up, whereas psychological is based on assumption to a large extent. Psychological profiling is an example of this in that given the evidence presented, a criminal can be profiled by the marks he leaves behind. Seldom is this knowledge enough to prove someone is guilty of not.

Arthur Dimmesdale and John Proctors Guilt and Sin Essay -- The Crucib

Arthur Dimmesdale and John Proctor's Guilt and Sin Guilt is something that weighs heavily on the human soul. It incorporates itself in our dreams, our thoughts, and our actions. Everywhere we turn, it stares us blankly in the face. While it is unbearable to suffer, guilt is an emotion that reaffirms our humanity. Repentance of a particular guilt, being spiritual, physical or both, is evidence that we are beyond the baseness of our animal tendencies. This fact has not gone unnoticed to the many great figures of literature. They have explored the sentiments of guilt and repentance by exploiting the conscience of flawed characters. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne presented to the world Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, a man suffering in a past sin. Likewise, in his play The Crucible, the great modern playwright, Arthur Miller, penned the character of John Proctor to allegorize the dangers of moral passivity. Their guilt and repentance were the primary causes of their â€Å"undoing†. Dimmesdale and Proctor were both martyrs to their sin. More specifically, they were both martyrs to the sin of adultery. Being a man of the cloth, this was especially painful for Dimmesdale. How could â€Å"a ruined soul like [his] effect toward the redemption of other souls?† (Hawthorne 182). As he confessed so mournfully to Hester, his partner in sin, â€Å"Canst thou deem it, Hester, a consolation, that I must stand up in my pulpit and meet so many eyes turned up to my as if the light of heaven were beaming from it†¦and then look inward, and discern the black reality of what they idolize?†(Hawthorne 182). He was so consumed by his hypocrisy that he turned to self-masochism as a means of escape. In stark contrast to Hester’s outward ... ...e†(Miller 22). All he wanted to do was get on with his farming and continue to live happily with his wife. It was only when the witch hunt directly affected him did he realize the gravity of his mistake. This was completely different to Dimmesdale’s seven long years of suffering. However, unlike Dimmesdale, when faced with the decision to confess and live or stand by his convictions and die, Proctor’s love for life interfered. He had so much to live for including his children and his livelihood. Only his honor steered him back to the importance of his cause. Arthur Dimmesdale and John Proctor were both martyrs for personal and societal guilt. They paid earthly penances and the final penance of death. Their â€Å"undoing† was a necessity for a society at the brink. Without their sacrifice, the society they lived in would have collapsed under its own weight.

Joe Dimaggio Essay -- baseball players

Joe DiMaggio   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe DiMaggio was one of the best baseball players of all time. He set many records, including the longest wining streak in Major League Baseball history, it lasted 56 games. He came to America as the son of poor Italian immigrants, but grew up to be an American Icon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Paul DiMaggio was born on November 25, 1914. His parents were Giuseppe Paolo DiMaggio and Rosalie DiMaggio. He had three brothers and three sisters. His brothers were Michael DiMaggio, Tom DiMaggio, and Vince DiMaggio. His sisters were Dominic, Nellie, and Marie DiMaggio. His father was a fisherman, and his family was poor. They lived in an old, small shack. Vince DiMaggio dropped out of high school and turned his back on fishing. He worked at a fruit stand but still had a lot of talent in baseball. He was looked at by semi-pro teams like the Seals. Both of his older brothers played semi-pro baseball for over one hundred dollars a month. He joined the San Francisco Seals and played for them. Joe DiMaggio grew up in San Francisco and went to school there. He was not bad at school through his elementary year but when he got to high school he didn’t fit in. He was a poor son of a fisherman and his schoolmates were higher classed. He dropped out of high school in 10th grade. He worked as a truck loader, and he crated oranges and worked at a factories, but he was not satisfied doing these odd jobs for minimum wage. He thought that being his brothers Tom and Vince played professional ball for the San Francisco Seals he might be able to too. They played for over $100.00 a month. In 1932 he joined the San Francisco Seals. That year he played 186 games with the Seals. That is a huge amount of games for one season. Joe played for the Seals from 1932-35, but made a large impact on major league baseball scouts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In nineteen thirty-five, Joe DiMaggio was invited to go to spring training with the New York Yankees. He met the baseball player Lou Gehrig, and other great ball players. Jerry Coleman, the Yankee’s second baseman, said about Joe, â€Å"Nothing made Joe happier then to do well in a big series and help the club win. He was a winner in the finest sense of the word. He was simply the greatest ball player I ever saw and it’s not easy to carry that burden. Joe carried it with class and dignity.† When the Yankee’s left fielder, Charlie Keller met Joe, he said, â€Å"When... ...ll players of all time. Work Cited Page Internet sources: Vizzuso. Hall of Famer Biographies. [Online] Available http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CLASS/AM483_P7/projects/vizzuso/final.html, April 10, 2000. No author. National Baseball Hall of Fame-Joe DiMaggio. [Online] Available http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/hofer_bios/dimaggio_joe.html, April 10, 2000. Book sources: Stout, Glen. DiMaggio, an Illustrated Life. New York: Walker and Company, 1995. Outline Joe DiMaggio Controlling Purpose-The purpose about this report is to tell about the life of one of the best baseball players ever, Joe DiMaggio. I- Early Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Birth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Family   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.) School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.) Elementary School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.) High School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D.) Jobs II- San Francisco Seals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Getting There   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Career Stats for the Seals III- Yankees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Early Career   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Team Leader   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.) Career Stats for the Yankees IV- Family Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Marriage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.) Marilyn Monroe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.) Dorothy Arnold   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Children V- After the Yankees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) After the Yankees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Death   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚